Russian translation of newspapers, magazines and journals
There are no finally established rules of Russian translation of proper names from English yet. Far from all Russian proper names can be conveyed by way of literal translating into English, however. This is because some of Russian vowels and consonants have no equivalent sounds/phonemes in English and must be substituted for approximately similar sounds.
The methods of conveying English vowels in Russian are different too. The choice of them and the sphere of their use may be predetermined by some lingual as well as extralingual factors. These are as follows: a) the position of the phoneme in the English word/proper name; b) the environment of the phoneme; c) the origin of the proper name; d) the tradition (if any) of Russian translation of name when it is common in the two languages. E.g. of Biblical origin.
Also to the possible substitutes for similar and divergent English vowel phonemes, some variants may be suggested in the Russian language for short monophthongs formed at different tongue positions.
Thus, English proper names are transcribed or transliterated (or partly transcribed and partly transliterated) in Russian. The exactitude of conveying English proper names in Russian may be predetermined by some lingual as well as extralingual factors too. The main of them are: absence in Russian of corresponding phonemes and orthographic means of substitute some particular English sounds/letters combinations or the established tradition according to which some proper names are translated.
Names of newspapers, journals and magazines require a special approach on the part of the translator. The thing is that in English some more extended explication may be needed for a particular foreign newspaper (magazine, journal) than in Russian: Cascade Russian newspaper, “Красная звезда” the Russian Army paper The Red Star (in Russia’s English press, however, only Krasnaya Zvesda). Very often in English-Russian translations the body to which the paper belongs or which sponsors its publication may be indicated too.
Names of Russian journals (magazines) are translated into English in the same way as the titles of newspapers: “Новое время” the Russian New Times English language journal; “Полярная звезда” the Decembrists journal The Pole Star.
The titles of English newspapers, journals and magazines are traditionally less explicated in Ukrainian (like in Russian) translation: the New York Times - газета “Нью Йорк Таймс”, Washington Post - газета “Вашингтон пост”. The definite/indefinite article used before the titles of English newspapers/journals is mostly omitted in Russian translation: The Teacher - “Тичер” (еженедельная газета учителей Великобритании).